The conductivity of aqueous solutions, for example, electroplating baths, is between these extremes. Electrical conductivity is determined by the number of charge carriers such as electrons or ions, by the speed of their movement, and by the amount of charge they carry.
Left: Werner von Siemens (source: Wikipedia) right: Siemens Canada Limited Headquarters in Oakville, Ontario, CanadaĮlectrical conductivity ranges from highly resistive materials like glass (which, by the way, conducts electricity well when heated) or acrylic glass to semiconductors, which have a different conductivity under different conditions to extremely conductive materials like silver, copper, or gold. Of course, similar objects made from materials with higher conductivity will have a higher conductance (not always). For example, the conductivity of copper is always the same, no matter how the object made from copper changes in terms of its shape or size, while the conductance of a copper wire depends on its length, diameter, mass, shape, and several other factors. The conductance is the extrinsic property of a given conductor or device (for example, a resistor or a galvanic bath) and the conductivity is an intrinsic property of the material from which this conductor or device was made. Meanwhile, they have a different meaning, of course. In the English language words, conductance and conductivity are so similar that they are often used as synonyms. Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
Note that this formula can be also used for a cuboid because it is a rectangular prism.
This formula can be used with any cylindrical or prismatic conductor. Where G is the conductance, σ is the conductivity, A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor, which is perpendicular to the direction of flow of an electric current, and l is the length of the conductor.
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